Shanghai settlement people of nations in 1930

Nation	Japan	UK	Russia	US	India	Portgul	Germany	France	etc
People	18,796	8,449	7,366	3,149	1,842	1,599	1,430	1,406	4,769
Ratio	38.5	17.3	15.1	6.5	3.8	3.3	2.9	2.9	9.8

Japanese Marine, troops of 1,876 collied with Chinese private troops in Shanghai on 29 January 1932. Minister Shigemitsu requested IJA dispatch on 1 February. Japanese Cabinet held a meeting on 2 February. Makino and Takahashi disagreed and proposed withdraw of Japanese people. But the cabinet decided expedition. Japan had to dispatch troops in large scale. IJN dispatched aircraft carrier Kaga and Hosyo in action at first. Aerial combat was done. Under a commision of British minister, Murai minister told Mayor of Shangnai that Ueda demanded 20 km withdrawal of Chinese troops on 18 February. See the map. The Chinese troops had already made 3 layer-zones of defence. Each zone were a few lines of a trench. They were WWI type positions. Japanese army began attack with artillery and tanks on 20 February. Japanese army stopped the first offense on 22 February, though IJN supplied with 1.2 million ammo of rifles, 260 thousand ammo of machine guns and 4 thousand ammo of guns. The second offence began on 25 February, and could not break the first front.

IJN aircraft of carrier Kaga

3shiki-2go Kansen	13shiki-2go Kanko B1M2

IJA and IJN did an amphibious operation on 1 March. IJA used newly developed landing crafts and armored boats for the first time. The landing craft was called Daihatsu.
Gunzo, p36-49 No.90
Shanghai Incident (1932)

Merchant ships for campaigns

District	Number
Philippines	138
Java, Bali	99
Borneo	42
Malay	26
Timor	24
Sumatra	23
New Britain	12
Guam	12

It follows IJN combat of Shanghai Incident in list.

Jan30 Aircraft carrier Kaga and Sawakaze arrived at Maanshan Islands
Jan31 Enemy repeated attacks
----- 17 aircraft of Kaga flew over Shanghai
Feb01 Aircraft carrier Hosyo and 2nd Destroyer Squadron arrived at Maanshan Islands
Feb22 An enemy Boeing-218 shot down a Mitsubishi 13shiki-3go kanko. 3 Nakajima 3shiki-2go kansen shot down it at Suzhou

Although Japan got a military win, Japan failed in diplomatic relation with League of Nations. Japan lost European nations support except for Uk.

Amphibious operation
Japan had actioned amphibious operations in the Pacific for three months. IJA and IJN used 376 merchant ships of 1.9MGT in the big campaings. Japan lost 53 merchant ships which were 14% of all the Japanese merchant ships.
Ohuchi, p20-21

USMC in China

US thought that one inherits legitimation of China who controls Central Plain as well as Japan did. But it was not true under nationalism in China.

1944Oct03 the Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered Nimitz to occupy an island in Ryukyu Islands untill 1st March 1945
1944Oct05 Nimitz informed cancel of Taiwan invasion to all the armies in the Pacific

Ulithi Atoll
The Ulithi Atoll(9.97N, 139.67E) locates at distances of 644km, 1,400km, 1,500km and 1900km from Palau Harbor, Iwojima, Manila and Okinawa. USN was to occupy the Ulithi Atoll to conquer Japan. US Army landed on 22 September 1944. Palau and Ulithi could defense air raids one another, because P-38 had a range radius of 870km. 617 US ships had ported in the Ulithi Atoll during the Okinawa Battle at once, though Apra Harbor of Guam could port a few hundred ships.
Gunzo, p95-96 No.77
Gakken, Vol.28

Logistic ships
US logistic task force supported fast carriter TG with 33 oilers, 11 escort carriers, 10 tag boats etc. Nimitz manuverd 1,213 ships inclding 649 freighters.
Kaijyo logistics

Preparation before landing

Air raid on 10 October 1944

Time	Aircraft [approx]	Targets
06:40-08:20	240	airfields
09:20-10:15	220	airfields vessels
11:45-12:30	140	Habor facility; Naha Nago Yonahara Awase 運天港 渡久地
12:40-13:40	130	Naha
14:45-15:45	170	Naha

Merchant ships sunk in harbors

Kanji	Name	GT	KIA
宝来丸	Houraimaru	3,201	17
福浦丸	Fukuuramaru	3,177	1
太海丸	Taikaimaru	2,478	26
南陽丸	Nanyoumaru	2,218	54
江龍丸	Kouryumaru	2,170	37
鉄山丸	Tetsusanmaru	2,018	-
第１南海丸	1st Nankamimaru	1,163t	-
新浦丸	Niuramaru	294	1
第６博多丸	6th Hakatamaru	262	-
第２丸神丸	2nd Marushinmaru	196	-
第５大成丸	5th Taiseimaru	95	-

An Emily did not come back, which was patroling from Kanoya along tropic of Cancer on Oct 9 in 1944. Air raids of 38th TG destroyed 1 submarine tender, 2 midzet submarines, 4 freighter and Naha completely. USN reconed aerial photos to make maps of 1/25,000 scale. Aircraft took off between Daito and Okinawa, did 1396 sorties. They launched 652 rockets and 21 torpedos. They released 541t of bombs. They also attacked Daito, Miyako, Ishigaki, Amami, and Tokunoshima. Naha burned 3 quaters of town area.

Air raid for destroying enemy air force

Kerama Islands

Kanji	Name	Area
阿嘉	Aka	3.1km2
慶留間	Kerama	1.7km2
渡嘉敷	Tokashiki	15.3km2

The US made maps of Okinawa which were distributed in March 1945. They were not enough and the US reckoned and took aerial photos on 1, 22 January, 28 February, 1 March again and again.

Finally Japan estimated that enemy would land on Okinawa in Mar the first of 1945. The IJN 5th Air fleet (580 aircraft) in Kyushu fought with Task Group 58(TG-58), lost 128 aircraft on 18 and 19 March. The TG-58 refueld, got food and exchanged aviators and aircraft at the sea of the south of Okinawa on 22 March. The TG-58 and escort aircaft carriers did 3,095 sorties. On 26 March US Army began landing Kerama Islands to get seaplanes base and anchorage area for invading fleet. The map shows the Kerama Islands which was splitted into two straits called Kerama Strait and Aka Strait. The depth of the straits is 13 hiro to 37 hiro (hiro = 1.8m). The coasts are 44 natural ports. 77th Division landed on the Kerama Islands 15 times.
DOA, p60-62

Start up landing clock
The US 6th Marine Division (24,356 troops) and 1st Marine Division (26,274 troops) departed from Guadalcanal on 12 March 1945. They left Saipan for Okinawa on March 25th. A convoy would depart from US west coat, when landed before 40 days for supplies. Each convoy would be to depart in 10 days for 21 times. The convoys of 430 ships had transported troops of 183,000 and supplies of 748,000 ton from Leyte, etc at first. They are a few of them, as follows and are cited on Wiki.

USS Pecos (AO-65) spent April and May at sea in the fueling area off Okinawa transferring oil and gasoline to 3rd Fleet ships.
USS Ashland (LSD-1) touched at Samar on 1 July to embark PT boats and their crews for transportation to Kerama Retto. The ship sailed on 3 July, unloaded her charges, and returned to Leyte on 10 July. She shuttled a similar cargo to Okinawa soon.
USS Epping Forest (LSD-4) arrived off the Hagushi beaches 1 April 1945 for the invasion of Okinawa, and during the days of bitter fighting, repaired landing craft at various anchorages around the island. She worked with the skill of long practice under air attacks and the constant threat of enemy suicide attacks by small boats and swimmers as well as aircraft.
USS Gunston Hall (LSD-5) remained anchored at nearby Kerama Retto until 1 July to repair small craft. She was untouched by the enemy's fierce kamikaze attacks although she saw several other American ships hit and crippled.
USS Lindenwald (LSD-6) sailed due north from San Pedro Bay, Leyte, for Okinawa on 26 March and arrived 1 April. She remained off Okinawa for 92 days, docking, repairing, and servicing landing craft damaged by enemy gunfire or the heavy surf. During this period, the ship repaired 452 boats. Enemy harassment twice threatened to cut short her busy career. Early morning 27 May, after suicide planes crashed two sister auxiliary ships, Lindenwald splashed an enemy aircraft before it could crash nearby Carina. Two weeks later, a murderous barrage from Lindenwald diverted an incoming suicide plane just enough to escape disaster. It barely missed the radar mast and splashed 500 yards off the bow.
USS Oak Hill (LSD-7) rehearsed with units of the 1st Marine Division for her next operation, the Okinawa campaign. On 1 April, she arrived in transport area Baker, lowered her LCMs for the assault on Blue Beach and then began repairing landing craft. Through the end of May, she remained in the Hagushi area for repair duties. Then she transported Marines and tanks to Iheya Shima and to Aguni Shima before steaming back to Leyte, 10 June. For the remainder of the war, Oak Hill transported men and equipment from the central Pacific to the Philippines and Okinawa.
USS White Marsh (LSD-8) and her division mates arrived off Okinawa during the night of 31 March - 1 April. Early in the morning, she disembarked her troops for the landings on Okinawa. Once again, after completing the disembarkation process, the dock landing ship anchored and began landing craft repair duty. Throughout her two-month stay at Okinawa, enemy air activity was heavy, but White Marsh only engaged Japanese aircraft on three occasions - on 6, 12, and 15 April - and claimed hits on two of the attackers. On 3 June, the ship departed Okinawa and proceeded to Leyte. She entered San Pedro Bay on 8 June and remained there for three days. On the 11th, the ship moved to Manicani Island where she loaded six motor torpedo boats and their crews for transportation to Okinawa. She left Manicani on 15 June and arrived in Kerama Retto on the 19th. She discharged cargo and personnel during the next two days and began a voyage to the Philippines on the 22d.
USS Casa Grande (LSD-13) next cruised among the Solomons to load Marines, landing craft, and tanks for the invasion of Okinawa. She took departure from Ulithi on 26 March, and arrived off Okinawa at dawn of 1 April. Landing equipment and troops under the first of the kamikaze attacks which were to bathe the Okinawa operation in blood, she moved to Kerama Retto on 4 April to operate a small boat repair shop there until 3 June, when she sailed for a minor overhaul at Leyte.
USS Cabildo (LSD-16) carried out her duties of docking and repairing small craft, transporting amphibious craft, and operating boat-pools at Guam and Okinawa in July.

0530 10 battleships, 9 cruisers, 23 destroyers and 177 gunboats opend fire
0550 dawn
0745 aircarft released napam bombs on beach and trenches
0800 a first group of Amphibious tanks and trucks ran offshore 360m
0815 first formation near their mother ships
0820 the first line ran
0830 the line ashored

Gun bombardment

USS Colorado in Okinawa	155mm at Keise I.

The left photo shows Battleship Colorado bombards Okinawa on 29 March. The US Marines reconnoitered Keise Island off Naha on 26 March. In the morning of 31 March, 531st and 43rd Field Artillery Batallions landed at sand beach and deployed 24 155mm of L45 cannons called 'Long Tom.' They were ready for bombarding on 1 April. USN aircraft began to attack airfields on 25 March, and did 3,095 sorties.

Gun fire power

fire power = mass x QTY

Caliber	Stowage	Mass[2]	Qty	Fire power	Barrel life [rounds]
152mm	200	HC 47.6kg	27	1.29t	750 - 1,050
203mm	150	HC 118kg	74	8.73t	715
305mmL50	100	HC 336kg	12	4.03t	200
356mmL45	100	Bombardment 640kg	20	12.8t	175 - 200
356mmL50	100	HC 578kg	36	20.8t	200 - 250
406mmL45	100	HC 862kg	24	20.69t	395

Battleship Colorado destroyed 2 anti tank artillery postions on 14 May. USN began bombardment on 25 March. USS Nevada and West Virginia were salveged at Pearl Harbor and came back gun fire operations. USS Arkansas (BB-33) was the oldest battleship of 33-year-old among the battery group. USS Tennessee (BB-43) was eqwipped with 56 40mm Bofors guns for AA combat. They spent shells of 13,000 (15-40cm) during 7 days. It weighed 5,162t by 10 battle ships and 10 cruisers, including 12cm shells. IJA knew gun power of warships. The total number of main guns of battleships and cruisers was 194. Mass of each gun was known. All the guns of fire power was 68.3t at a time. Torikai shows rounds number, so I check up the total mass^[1]. However, the numbers is not matching.

I calculated average rounds and used ratio of each guns. 36 cm and 15 cm guns showed high ratio. I do not know why 40 cm and 20 cm guns fired fewer. USN might plan that other warships would fire, when the light cruisers and the 36 cm battleships would retreat for ammunition.

Bombardment Warships in Iceberg Operation

Name	Commissioned	Armament [mm]	AA 40mmL56, 20mmL70	Complement
Arkansas, BB-33	1912	12x305L50	36x40mm, 36x20mm	1,063
New York, BB-34	1914	10x356L45	40x40mm, 48x20mm	1,042
Texas, BB-35	1914	10x356L45	40x40mm, 48x20mm	954
Nevada, BB-36	1916	10x356L45	40x40mm , 45x20mm	864
New Mexico, BB-40	1918	12x356L50	40x40mm, 40x20mm	1,084
Idaho, BB-42	1919	12x356L50	40x40mm, 40x20mm	1,081
Tennessee, BB-43	1920	12x356L50	56x40mm, 43x20mm	1,401
Colorado, BB-45	1923	8x406L45	36x40mm, 43x20mm	1,080
Maryland, BB-46	1921	8x406L45	36x40mm, 43x20mm	1,080
West Virginia, BB-48	1923	8x406L45	36x40mm, 43x20mm	1,407
Pensacola, CA-24	1930	10×203	-	653
Salt Lake City, CA-25	1929	10×203	-	612
Portland, CA-33	1933	9×203	-	848
Indianapolis, CA-35	1932	9x203	-	1,269
Minneapolis, CA-36	1934	9×203	-	708
Tuscaloosa, CA-37	1934	9×203	-	708
San Francisco, CA-38	1934	9×203	-	708
Wichita, CA-45	1939	9×203	-	929
St. Louis, CL-49	1939	15×152L47	-	888
Birmingham, CL-62	1943	12×152L47	-	1,200

Mass of main shells by landing

Caliber	Total rounds	Average rounds Used ratio	Mass[kg]	Sub[t]
40cm	1,543	64 (64%)	862	1330.066
36cm	3,247	90 (90%)	578	1876.766
30cm	575	48 (48%)	336	193.200
20cm	3,700	50 (33%)	118	436.600
15cm	4,200	156 (78%)	47.6	199.920
12.7cm	27,750	-	24.6	682.650
Total	-	-	-	4719.202

TG58 air raid airfields of Kyushu
TG58 had 17 carriers which carried 1,212 aircraft. Escort warships of the carriers were 8 battleships, 18 cruisers and 64 destroyers. Escort also had 76 seaplanes. Carriers of TG58 had 581 fighters including 53 night fighters. Fast Carrier Group left for Leyte on Jun 13.

TG58 & TG50 Fighters in Iceberg Operation

	F4U-1D	FG-1D	F6F-5	F6F-5E	F6F-5P	F6F-5N	FG-1	F6F-3	FM-2
TG58-1	71	-	166	4	12	10	-	-	-
TG58-2	30	2	49	13	6	27	-	-	-
TG58-3	99	-	140	4	11	12	-	-	-
TG58-4	65	-	118	-	4	4	1	3	-
TG50-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	32
Total	265	2	473	21	33	53	1	3	32

CAP and ASW of TG52
TG52(SUPPORT CARRIER GROUP）had 18 escort aircraft carriers, 34 destroyers escorts. The total aircraft were 540. The 18 escort carriers had 343 fighters and 197 torpedo bombers inculding 6 with a radar. The fighters did CAP which were 64% of the total aircraft of TG52. The 343 fighters consisted of 262 FM-2 and 77 F6F. George or Frank could not combat over Okinawa in short of range. Did FM-2 combat against Zero? FM-2 had bigger power than F4F. Tbl-100 shows designation and quantity of the aircraft of TG52. Three escort aircraft carriers of 18 were damaged by Japanese aircraft and retired the mission, which were USS Sangamon (CVE-26) with 33rd squadron, Natoma Bay (CVE-62), Wake Island (CVE-65). The 33rd squadron had 6 TBM-3E which were equipped with a radar.

Another data shows that 20 CVEs took part in the Okinawa Battle and they carried 302 FM-2. After the battle, USS Lunga point (CVE-94) patrolled on 1 August in the west of Okinawa. 4 FM-2 intercepted at 1710. One of FM-2 shot down a Frances. This was the last kill of FM-2 in the Pacific War.
F4F, p53

3 submarines of IJN tried to attack a ferry route in the east of Okinawa. 4 submarines were equipped Kaitens and planned to attack ships at anchor. USN did ASW perfect.

Aircaft of CVEs did direct air support from 28 to 31 March 1945. They attacked batteries in th south, 10 biriges near the Nagasugusu Bay and released 15 napalm bombs at installation near the Hijya Creek. They kept on attacks at airfields and IJN bases.
DOA, p77

Marines and Army fighters

P-47N ferry Hawaii - Saipan

Departure	Destination	Mile	mph
Hawaii	Johnston	825	183
Johnston	Majuro	1,400	200
Majuro	Eniwetok	800	229
Eniwetok	Saipan	1,150	230

4 CVEs ferried MAG-31 (Marine Aircraft Group 31) and MAG-33 on 4 April. 192 F4U and 30 F6F were activated at Kita-yomitan and Naka-yara on 9 April.
Dai 5 kantai no zenyou

USAAF fighters flew to Yomitan airfields on 7 April, and Kadena on 9 May. The 318th FG (P-47) might act in Iejima on 10 May. The 507th FG (P-47) moved to Iejima on 28 June. 35th FG moved to Okinawa in June. 49th FG moved to Okinawa in August. P-47N of the 318th FG ferried to Saipan from Hawaii as follows. The P-47 might fly 2,306km (1,432mi) from Saipan (15.2N, 145.7E) to Iejima (26.7N, 127.2E) probably. A B-25 guided them. While A ferry of 1300km (813mi) between Truk（7.47N, 151.83E) and Rabaul（4.22N, 151.83E) was dangerous for IJA 3 shiki-sen (Tony) in 1943.
World War II on Iejima
US Army Air Forces in Okinawa

Japan lose air control over Yaku Island
IJA fighter Frank could not escort beyond Yoron Island because of the short range. So most of IJA suicide aircraft were escorted by IJN. In the beginning of Okinawa battle, US fighters advanced Amami Islands. Sooner or later they advacened Yaku Island. USN and IJN flew fighters at night in Okinawa. It does not seem that USAAF and IJA did not action night fighter operations both. Enemy fighters from Iejima flew constant over Yakushima in May 1945.
Iwamoto, p389

Japanese and US loss after Okinawa Battle
US Army and Marines lost 763 aircraft in the Okinawa Battle. 458 of 763 were lost in air combats. 305 of 763 were lost in operations. 536 USN crews were lost in KIA or MIA. While IJA and IJN flew 9,837 sorties and lost 2,803 aircraft in air.
DOA Okinawa, p519
Iwamoto, p359
Watanabe, p368
Hashimoto, p289
Gunzo, p47 No65

[1] Torikai
[2] USN shell mass of guns
[3] The United States Marines in North China
[4] Wedmeyer p.238-240