Chinese governers, beaucrats and revolutionalists
Desperate War of Japan in the Pacific
This page contains Japanese kanji.

 Kakyo ( 科挙 )
China has long history of bureaucracy. Local beaucrats governed people severe with country squires. Chinese and Korean student learned Analects very hard to be bureaucrats. Both governments selected them by test how they learned Analects. All the dynasties of China always collapsed because of revolt of farmers. Secret party made important roll to build next dynasty. Chinese Communist Party is one of the parties in her long history. Beaucrates governed China with landlords and wealthy merchants. China is a merchant country. Merchants built walls and lived in the walls with bureaucrats and soldiers.

 Governers and revolutionalists
The table shows birth places of Chinese military governers, revolutionalist and beaucrates since 19th century. Modern beaucrates of 黒龍江省 and 雲南省 are not listed up. 黒龍江省 was the homeland of Qing Dynasty. Armies of 雲南 sometimes invaded rich 広東 before, and historical governments of China always fled there, when they were threatned by enemies from the north including Japan. They occurred strange Sino-Vietnamese War ( 中越戦争 ) in 1979.
北伐
張作霖
中越戦争

Governers and revolutionalists
YearNameBirth placeFather's classMilitary record
1943-****徐才厚遼寧省
中央軍委副主席
1944-****李長春遼寧省
1946-****張徳江遼寧省
1935-1992王洪文吉林省
Korean War, 党副主席
1944-****回良玉吉林省
1835-1908西太后河北省旗人
1859-1919馮国璋河北省
北洋武備学堂, 大総統
1940-****賈慶林河北省
1941-****王兆国河北省
1942-****温家宝河北省
1942-****王剛河北省
1953-****習近平河北省広東省党委書記中央軍事委副主席
1907-1971林彪湖北省
中央軍事委副主席
1811-1872曽国藩湖南省
進士, 湘軍創設, 欽差大臣
1874-1916黄興湖南省
参謀総長
1882-1913宋教仁湖南省小地主
1889-1970唐生智湖南省
1893-1976毛沢東湖南省富農中央軍事委員会主席
1898-1974彭徳懐湖南省貧農湖南軍官講武堂, 中央軍事委副主席
1899-1967李立三湖南省
1915-1989胡耀邦湖南省
1943-****賀国強湖南省
1823-1901李鴻章安徽省
進士, 淮軍(北洋軍)創設
1865-1936段祺瑞安徽省祖父淮軍北洋武備学堂, 大総統
1879-1942陳独秀安徽省
1882-1948馮玉祥安徽省淮軍北洋新軍, Exiled eunuches
1891-1962胡適安徽省
1941-****呉邦国安徽省
1955-****汪洋安徽省
1955-****李克強安徽省
****-****熊成基江蘇省
1926-****江澤民江蘇省
中央軍事委主席
1941-****陳炳徳江蘇省
1942-****胡錦濤江蘇省小営業主中央軍事委主席
1942-****周永康江蘇省
1945-****劉延東江蘇省
1950-****李源潮江蘇省
1859-1916袁世凱河南省
淮軍, 大総統
1898-1969劉少奇河南省
国家主席
1949-****常万全河南省
1887-1975蒋介石浙江省塩商人IJA, 黄埔軍官学校長, 対日共産, 総統
1910-1988蒋経国浙江省蒋介石総統
1932-2005姚文元浙江省作家
1945-****兪正声浙江省
1814-1864洪秀全広東省客家
1858-1898康有為広東省
1866-1925孫文広東省
1884-1944汪兆銘広東省
1897-1986葉剣英広東省客家豪商陸軍講武学校, 中央軍事委副主席
1924-****葉選平広東省葉剣英
1861-1911端方-
1874-1939呉佩孚山東省商人陸軍参謀総長
1875-1928張作霖山東省
馬賊, 大元帥
1885-1935孫伝芳山東省
北洋武備学堂卒, IJA, 五省聯軍総司令
1914-1991江青山東省毛夫人
1917-2005張春橋山東省
作家, 解放軍総政治部主任
1942-****李継耐山東省
1944-****靖志遠山東省
1944-****王楽泉山東省
1950-****許其亮山東省
1883-1960閻錫山山西省
IJA
1947-****劉雲山山西省
1948-****王岐山山西省
1949-****薄熙来山西省
1942-****郭伯雄陝西省
中央軍事委副主席
1871-1949呉虞四川省
1886-1976朱徳四川省貧農八路軍総司令, 国家副主席
1904 - 1997�小平四川省客家系地主中央軍事委員会主席
1940 - ****梁光烈四川省
1940 - ****廖錫竜貴州省
中央軍事委員会委員
1875-1907秋瑾福建省
1946-****張高麗福建省

 Governers of 上海市 and 広東
上海市党委書記
YearNameBirth
1991-1994呉邦国 1941 安徽省
1994-2002黄菊 1938-2007 浙江省
2002-2006陳良宇1946 浙江省
2006-2007韓正 1954 浙江省
広東省党委書記
YearNameBirth
1998-2002李長春1944 遼寧省
2002-2007張徳江1946 遼寧省
2007-****汪洋1955 安徽省
上海市 and 広東 are very rich now, as they were in Qing. It seems that 北京政府 controls 広東 because 広東省党委書記 were not from 広東 now. But 3 successive 上海市党委書記 are from 浙江. 蒋介石 was also from 浙江. It seems to be independent from 北京. 文化大革命 began from 上海. 上海 is too rich to revolt. If a big revolt break, 北京政府 have to control money of 上海市 and 広東 not to support the revolt. 蒋介石 could not win the conflict with CCP without support of merchants. He had bargained domestic resources and rights to manage Chinese economy too much.
陳良宇
浙江省


 Difference between Western peasants and Chinese farmers revolts
John Ball in 14th century and Thomas Müntzer in 17th century insisted to be free farmers from controlled peasants under lords. But Chinese farmers revolted to be new bureaucrats ( 官 ) of a new dynasty against an old dynasty. As for Japan, Samurai were also bureaucrats and inherited power. Revolted Japanese farmers never wanted to be samurai in Edo era. 洪秀全 of 太平天国 publicized a strange marrige law in 1861. Bureaucrats must have wives respond to their bureaucratic class. 東王 and 西王 might have 11 wives, 南王, 豫王 etc were 6 wives, high class bureaucrats were 3, middle class bureaucrats were 2 and low class beaucrats were one.
洪秀全 and 太平天国 p124, p163
John Ball
Thomas Müntzer

 Traditional east Asian bribery
Bureaucrats usually took bribes. The bribe was a part of goverment system. Although Japanese government of Edo era did not test bureaucrats by Analects, bureaucrats corrupted. Modern bureaucrats of Japan made endemic corruption system at last. The system absorbs tax legally whether Congress approved or not. We call it 構造汚職.

    China
    A British ambassador wrote how bureaucrats of Qing government spent Emperor's money. A flood occurred in Cantong. A Emporor gave 50,000 両 from his fund(内奴+巾) to save people. Central government took 20,000 両 at first. Local governments took 10,000 両, 5,000 両... The rest of the gift was only 10,000 両. The ambassador recognized it systematic 弊風 correct. There was a bureaucrat called 和王+申. He was a minister of Qing. He gathered bribes as follows,
    • 金元宝 1,000 個(1個 = 100 両, equivalent silver 1.5 million 両)
    • 銀元宝 1,000 個
    • 赤金 5.8 million 両
    • 生沙金 2 million 両
    • 元宝銀 9.40 million 両
    • 洋銭 58,000 円
    He also held real estates of 75 質屋, 42 両替屋 and 13 骨董店 managed them. Bureaucrats of China invented money laundry to manage 骨董店.
    Miyazaki, p349

    陳良宇 was accused and judged for bribery. He took 2.39 million 元 and He got estate illegaly and sold it for 118 million 元[11]. What did he spent the money for? A Chinese girl has a dream of being a bribery beaucrat in 広州[10]>

    Japan
    A judge in Germany revealed IJN system bribery in purchasing equippment or warships from Germany and UK[5]. As the result, a vice admiral was exiled from IJN. A IJN officer fled to Canada where he died 32 years later[6]. A former deputy minister of Defense was arrested with his wife in 2007[7]. They have been under a bribe trial at high court. He was a top of bureaucrats of Defense Ministry. Prime Minister Tanaka was arrested in 1976 and guilty of bribery at the Tokyo High Court in 1987[8]. Japan has eight laws of 単純収賄罪, 受託収賄罪, 事前収賄罪, 第三者供賄罪, 加重収賄罪, 事後収賄罪, あっせん収賄罪 and 贈賄罪 to judge bureaucrats bribery[9].

    Korea
    Disappeared bribery
    Bribe
    A small company in Kyoto opened its branch in Korea a long time ago. The president sometimes flew to Soul from Osaka on business. He sighed to me that he had to have given bribes everywhere to do business speedy. It seemed that gift was important for human relations. He prepared some panty stockings for customs and ball point pens for clients. He gave them women clerks of the clients. He closed the barnch after a while. The table shows accused persons of bribery. The bribery number increased from 1,339 in 1994 to 1,919 in 1998[1]. But Corruption Perceptions Index of Korea becomes good[2]. Has bribery culture changed in Korea? Korean President 全斗煥, 盧泰愚 were made open of stocking money illegaly[3][4].

 Military tops in the non-nuke nations
NationNameBirth yearRemark
AustraliaJohn Faulkner 1954he entered the Australian Senate in 1989
DenmarkSøren Gade1963son of shipmaster
GermanyGuttenberg1972his wife is Stephanie von Bismarck-Sch
JapanKitazawa1938son of Nagano Congressman
VietnamPhung Quang Thanhe

VietnamDenmarkJapan
VietnamDenmarkJapan

Merkel's New Cabinet
Søren Gade
Vietnamese People's Army Newspaper

[1] 韓国
[2] Corruption Perceptions Index
[3] 全斗煥
[4] 盧泰愚
[5] Siemens Scandal
[6] 波 ni 夕陽 no 影 mo naku 海軍少佐竹内十次郎 no 生涯
[7] Moriya Takemasa
[8] Tanaka Kakuei
[9] 公務員の犯罪
[10] 汚職官僚
[11] 陳良宇被告懲役１８年一審判決


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