Cipher is one of the most important technique of intelligence to have securities or secrets from enemies or others. But Japanese Government ciphers always were broken by the US. Why do Japanese bureaucrats were fools to protect her nation's top secrets? I have read a few books about intelligence war articles. Japansese people including bureaucrats think who cheats someone is wrong, while the world commons thinks cheated one is a fool. Anyway, the US deciphered Japanese encryption well, as Japanese experts did not know the fact at all. Even now, Japanese diplomatic codes are deciphered by US, China and Russia. So Japanese Government always will fail tough negotiations with US, China and Russia.

US deciphered Japanese diplomatic ciphers in the summer of 1921, and could tie Washington Treaty. The cryptologist were only two officers and a petty officer. US Army hired Freedman who lead 20 members. US Navy established OP20G in 1921. FBI, USN and NYC Police copied all the pages of Japanese code book of IJN 1918 edition.

I watched DVD of 'Elizabeth' before. The actor of Walsingham was nice. I also watched 'Golden Age' recently. I understood meaning of words secretary, chamber and cabinet in the films. A map was drawn in a floor of her chamber. America was not drwan in the map yet. The wealth of America occurred trading with China. Sooner Western world overwhelmed China with military and industrial revolution in the conflict of Europe nations.

Walsingham had supper with his wife and daughter. He wore a gogerous kippa. The second movie of 'Elizabeth' was less impressed by Elizabeth's maid Beth and her lover Walter. But this time Elizabeth and Beth's dresses looked clear and beautiful. The lace of the dresses are interesting because we have not accepted lace till Meiji era. The movie shows Elizabeth in Curch with high skewed angle of camera. I remember film of marrige of Princess Ann. The film impressed the ceremony with high angled camera.

Elizabeth declared war with Spain. She wore armor and made a speech for troops of England. Is it true? She did not say in the movie, 'God bless you'. Or script of Japanese ignored, didn't it? President Bush said the word, when US broke Iraq War. Phillip II prayed and Elizabeth did not pray before her private altar in the movie. I felt it a sense of comming modern age.
Old St Paul's Cathedral

Mikado's Palace

Palace layout in 1881	3 alters in Palace

While once Hirohito sent his Imperial envoys to Ise Shrine and Atuta Shrine. He wished the win of the Pacific War. Ise Shrine was originally his families' private shrine, but the shrine became a symbol of commons' wish and reform movement(Yonaoshi) in Edo era. After WWII, Hirohito thought and looked in the defeat. He admitted that Crown Prince married with a Catholic, but he himself prayed before his private alter(kasiko-dokoro) in the palace every day older and older. The kasiko-dokoro is wide 70m2, and the base of the alter is higher than other 2 alters. Only Mikado, Kogo, Crown Prince, Crown Princess and Mikado's servants and maids are allowed to enter the alter. I think that he reflected the defeat of the Pacific War and believed in relief of Japan like ancient Mikados almost 1,300 years ago.
Atsuta Shrine
Sei-iki
Kyuchu-sanden

Uesugi Kenshin	Turuoka Hatimangu

Commdore Perry gave a gift of telegram machine Bakufu ( Government ) in the end of Edo era. The age of telegram began. Japan read ciphered diplomatic telegram of Qing, when Japan and Qing negotiated peace after Japanese-Qing War.

IJA invited intelligence officer of Poland to learn how to decipher Russian cipher in 1923.^[7][8] IJA officer and cryptanalysts, Kamaga deciphered M-209 machine codes in the end of the Pacific War.

US official might stole copy of punctuation codes of diplomatic cipher in New York Embassy in 1939. An individual has been able to use any ciphers in Japan, although study of cipher was banned for a short time after the Pacific War.
Tsujii, p202

Crack of MOFA angou(Purple)
US called cipher of MOFA of Japan Purple. MOFA used the cipher badlly. The wrong usage gave clues to decrypt. They used long formal aisatu sentence : 本使は。。。を閣下に通報するのを光栄を有し候. A team of US Army Signals Intelligence Service(SIS) broke MOFA's cipher of Japan in 1941. The cipher was called Purple. Friedmman directed the team, who entered SIS in 1921. Central Bureau of US Army SIS got code books of IJA in New Gunia. The Bureau could decipher 36,000 messages on Mar 1944, though it deciphered only 2,000 a month ago before getting the code books. The members of the bureau reached 4,000 in the end of the Pacific War.
Tsujii, p99
Yoshida p.74
Papuru Ango
Friedmman

Crack of IJN D-angou(JN-25)

7 cryptanalysts related with Japanese cipher

Name	Birth-Death	Remark
Yardley	1889-1958	Memoirs of MI-8, "The American Black Chamber"
Driscoll	1889-1971	Originally hoped to be a teacher of math
Safford	1890-1973	Adopted Rochefort
Friedman	1891-1969	Originally studied genetics
Rochefort	1898-1976	USN officer, HYPO leader
Rowlett	1908-1998	Named a cipher of Japan purple
Dyer	1902-1985	USN officer, HYPO member

In a movie of Tora tora, Kimmel asked where is IJN aircraft carries just before Pearl Harbor Raid? How USN Intelligence knew about the raid plan? USN knew Midway campaign plan of IJN half a year later after Pearl Harbor Raid. It seems unnatural. USN intercepted perfectly the direction and date of IJN carriers invading in the battle of Midway. And USN succeeded in kill of Yamamoto. An operator of USN Pacific Fleet singal intelligence received an IJN ciphered telegram on 13 Apr 1943 in Hawaii. The telegram was transferred to CIU(Command Intelligence Unit) by a teletypewriter at onece. A decrypter encrypted the message by an IBM machine. The machine printed out a plain text ciphered by IJN D encryption which was called JN-25 in USN. A cryptanalyst found that recipents of the message was a lot as usual transmitted at 1755(JST). So another cryptanalyst Lasswell deciphered it in detail with Dyer and Wright. The message showed Yamamoto's inspect on 18 Apr. Nimitz knew the message at 0800 on 14th. Nimitz wrote an order telegram. It is unusual that a high ranked admiral writes an telegram by himself in IJN. The night a reply came from Numea that P-38 could attack it from Gudalcanal with additional fuel tanks. On 15th, Secretary of Navy, Knox knew the message from Zakarius. Mitcher held meetings with air commanders of Navy, Marines and AAF. Mitchell planed flight raid. On 17th evening, a transport plane ferried additional tanks. The Operation was named 'Dillinger'. The next morning 16 P-38G flew in 4 formations for 2h10m to Buin. They flew unbelivable altitude 30 - 50ft. They began acending after the last turn, to 2,000ft. At 0934, They contacted targets distance 3 - 4mi, height difference 8,000 - 9,000ft.
Gunzo, p80-90
Operation Vengeance

NSA
NSA shows up 42 giants of cipher.^[1] What 7 of them had relation with cracking ciphers of Japan! USN HYPO team's decryption of IJN cipher D took destructive results in the battle of Midway and assasination of Yamamoto. GHQ of allied armies in Japan banned study of cipher on 24 December 1945. This shows how US is afraid of being cracked their ciphers.

Signal intelligence after 30s
Churchill wrote a letter that he ordered not to read ciphered US DOS messages any more on 25th Feb 1942. Both nation agreed to BRUSA Comint Agreement.
Kaji p.104

German Max Clausen of a communist sent ciphered messages in English from Tokyo to Moscow that Japan would invade Indochina not Russia. They used key from German empire statics yearbook of 1935. He assembled wireless transmitter.
Kippenhahn p.11-17
Makkusu Krauzen

Intelligence of Russia might be the most excellent among powers. GPU or KGB knew secrets of Japanese war plan, UK diplomatic policy and US war technologies. Certainly Russia and US are nations that bosses of KGB or CIA were President of their nations. Japanese government failed to know secrets of US nuke and Russian war plan. So a lot of Japanese people died at a loss.

1. Code breaking 1997 : The most interested book to me.

   Guderian	Rommel with Fi156C

   
   There is a photo that Guderian is waiting for translation of cipher by enigmas in wagen. He is the most excellent commander of kikosen ( tank battle ) among Japanese military maniac. I rather prefer Rommel (1891-1944) with a Fi156C.
   Fi156C
   

2. Blind man's bluff 1998 : I felt melting mood of USN submariners. The book dipicts a bar called 'Horse & Cow' in CA. The photo of banners reminded me of a bar where Brigadier General Yeager and his fellows gathered in the film 'The Right Stuff'. But the real Horse & Cow in WA is a mood of old Navy and rum.
   Horse & Cow

3. The black chamber 1931 : people of Japan read Yardley's work much more 4 folds than US people per population.
4. An introduction to computers and problem solving 1968 : I knew Turing Machine at first
5. Ango to jyoho shakai 1999 : I was surprised at the budget of CIA and NSA
6. Echelon to jyoho senso 2002 : Good book, the author Kaji was a jyoho tushin officer of JSDFAF.
7. IT no yami 2000 : Concentration of 9 NSA's internet access points in the US is interested. At first I had imagined such the place of National Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
8. Echelon 2001 : No value book now.
9. Ango Kaidoku Senso 2001 : No value book now. Author Yoshida's another Ango senso was better.
10. Novels : The name of the rose 1983, Enigma 1995, The da vinci code 2003

Punch card machines	Sorting machine

During the Pacific War, Japan could not import PCS ( Punch Card System ) at all. PCS was made in US those days. Marshall of US said, "I cannot do my own bussiness busy reading decipherd diplomatic messages of Japan everyday".^[5] Even Germany imported these machines from US. IJN ordered Fujitsu relayed mutiplier and divider circuit for decoding of cipher in 1943.^[6] But Punch card production was a bottle neck of the analyser. Newspapers companies always troubled purchase of paper itself under controlled economy. And I suppose paper companies of Japan could not product uniform and standarized cards a lot at then.

USN analyzer for decrption by IBM & Eastman

USN Intelligence had already been trying decrption in 30s and might use sorting machines. IJN should study cipher like IJA at least and bring up a few signal intelligence officers with a simple inexpensive sorting machine. I remember punch cards were not curved at all but simply plain, when I was a student user of 80 column cards for computing.

US and UK had much interest in decipher and invested much money during WWII. Decipher was a part of intelligence activity. UK had invested Babbage's computing machine in 1822.

JNR ( Japanese National Railways ) worked MARS-1 ( Magnetic-electric Automatic Reservation System 1) in January 1960.

Innovation is in favor of freedom, no control of dominance.

[1] Nakajima, p252-253
[2] Kamaga
[3] Punched Card Tabulating Machines
[4] Hollerith
[5] Tsuji, p99
[6] Computer_ka 80 nen (Computer_ka80nen.pdf)
[7] Tsujii, p141
[8] Tsujii, p142
[9] Seijyoki ga mitumeta sengo
[10] NEC PC-9801
[11] DOS/V
[12] Nihonjin Sugakusha no Senji Kenkyuu
[13] Hull & Day, p213
[14] Architecture niyoru computer gijyutu nokeitou-ka no kentou
[15] IBM sangyo spy jiken